Digital Inclusion in Indian Libraries: A Systematic Review of Determinants and Research Landscape for Evolving an Integrative Framework

Vollständiger Abstract

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Digital inclusion has emerged as a multidimensional socio-technical challenge that extends beyond providing access to information and communication technologies. While libraries are increasingly recognized as key institutions for promoting equitable digital participation, evidence on the determinants of digital inclusion within Indian library settings remains fragmented. This study systematically synthesizes the existing literature to map the research landscape, identify the key determinants of digital inclusion, and develop an integrative framework to advance research and practice in Indian libraries. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Relevant studies published between 2011 and 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases using predefined search strategies. Eligible studies were screened using explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria and analysed through descriptive and thematic synthesis. The review reveals that research on digital inclusion in Indian libraries has grown steadily but remains fragmented across library sectors and disciplines. Seven interrelated determinants were identified: socio-demographic, socio-economic, technological, digital literacy, institutional and policy, socio-cultural, and psychological and behavioural factors. The findings demonstrate that meaningful digital inclusion depends not only on digital infrastructure but also on users’ capabilities, institutional readiness, supportive policies, cultural responsiveness, and behavioural engagement. An integrative framework is proposed to explain the interaction of these determinants in shaping inclusive digital library services. Although the review is limited to English-language journal articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, it provides a robust foundation for future empirical research across diverse library contexts. The findings offer evidence-based guidance for librarians, policymakers, and educational institutions to strengthen digital literacy, improve ICT infrastructure, and formulate inclusive policies that reduce digital inequalities. This study presents the first comprehensive systematic synthesis of digital inclusion within Indian library settings and advances both theory and practice by proposing an integrative framework for developing equitable, accessible, and user-centred library services.