School digital conditions and student computer and information literacy across 12 education systems: system-specific multilevel evidence from ICILS 2023

Vollständiger Abstract

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Abstract This study examined associations between school digital conditions and students’ computer and information literacy (CIL) in 12 ICILS 2023 education systems that administered the optional ChatGPT questionnaire. The analysis used student achievement and questionnaire data linked with principal and ICT coordinator reports for 24,273 students in 1,049 schools. System-specific weighted two-level models were estimated for five CIL plausible values, adjusting for student sex, home internet access, computer experience, within-school socioeconomic background, and school socioeconomic composition. Five school-level conditions were examined jointly: positive ChatGPT expectations, negative ChatGPT expectations, pedagogical ICT hindrances, instructional ICT-use expectations, and ICT collaboration expectations. False-discovery-rate control was applied to the 60 primary focal tests, and a secondary equal-system-weight common-slope model and prespecified sensitivity analyses were used to assess the stability of the findings. None of the five school conditions produced an FDR-retained association with CIL. Three system-specific coefficients had raw p values below 0.05: ICT collaboration expectations were negative in Korea and positive in the Slovak Republic, and pedagogical ICT hindrances were negative in Korea; all had q = 0.730. The secondary common-slope model yielded confidence intervals including zero for all five focal predictors, and sensitivity analyses did not materially alter the primary conclusion. In contrast, student socioeconomic background and computer experience showed more consistent positive adjusted associations with CIL. Overall, the findings support cautious interpretation of pooled summaries alongside system-specific estimates and indicate no single common direct association between the measured school digital conditions and student CIL across the participating systems.