Sarcopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Prevalence, Mechanisms, Detection, Adverse Clinical Impact and Targetable Care Gaps—A Narrative Review Supported by a Structured Literature Search

Vollständiger Abstract

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Sarcopenia is increasingly recognized as a systemic complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—more accurately described as an IBD-associated muscle disorder than as a classical extraintestinal manifestation—but it remains inconsistently defined and rarely integrated into routine care. Consensus frameworks require low muscle strength confirmed by low muscle quantity or quality, so studies reporting only computed tomography (CT)-derived muscle area describe low muscle mass rather than consensus-defined sarcopenia; myosteatosis, the fat infiltration of muscle, is a further and partly independent dimension of muscle quality. This narrative review, supported by a structured literature search that was re-run and extended during peer review, synthesized peer-reviewed human evidence published from 1 January 2010 to 5 July 2026 in adult patients. Overall, 152 records were identified through PubMed/MEDLINE and citation tracking; after 19 duplicate or overlapping records were removed, 133 records were screened, 66 full-text reports were assessed, and 54 sources were included: 39 empirical IBD studies, 5 IBD-specific systematic reviews or meta-analyses, 6 consensus or standardization documents and 4 mechanistic or narrative reviews. Sarcopenia in IBD is driven by chronic inflammation, malnutrition, dysbiosis, corticosteroid exposure, inactivity and impaired anabolic signaling. Prevalence is definition- and setting-dependent, from approximately 10% in stable outpatients assessed with functional criteria to more than 40–50% in CT-based or active-disease cohorts. Sarcopenia is consistently associated with—rather than proven to cause—hospitalization, abscess formation, postoperative complications, treatment escalation or failure and impaired function. Muscle ultrasound and automated, artificial intelligence-assisted analysis of opportunistic CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are emerging as practical routes to routine assessment. We propose a drivers–detection–prognosis–intervention framework, aligned with the sequential European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) and Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 algorithms, to support opportunistic imaging review, strength testing and integrated nutrition–exercise care; this framework is an expert proposal that requires prospective, multicenter validation.