THE ROLE OF DIET AND LIFESTYLE IN THE TREATMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Vollständiger Abstract

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Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired concentration, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity. Although conventional therapy is effective in many patients, it may be associated with high costs, adverse effects, and incomplete symptom control. Therefore, complementary methods, such as dietary modifications and lifestyle factors, are gaining increasing importance in the management of ADHD. Aims The aim of this narrative review was to critically integrate current evidence on the role of diet, nutritional supplementation, the gut microbiota, and physical activity in the management of ADHD, and to evaluate which of these interventions are supported by stronger evidence and which remain at a preliminary stage. Materials and Methods A narrative review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on selected keywords. The search was limited to English-language publications published between 2015 and 2026. Eligible studies included meta analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and original research articles. After screening and eligibility assessment by all authors, 50 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Results The reviewed evidence indicates that appropriately selected dietary patterns, supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and physical activity may reduce ADHD symptom severity and improve daily functioning, with the strongest and most consistent evidence supporting omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Evidence for micronutrient supplementation and microbiota targeted interventions, including probiotics and fermented foods, remains preliminary and is largely based on small studies, although it suggests potential benefits for impulsivity, attention, and sleep quality. Conclusions Dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications may be considered as potential supportive strategies in the management of ADHD, complementing rather than replacing standard pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment. However, despite promising findings, the evidence remains inconclusive, and further high quality studies are needed to establish their effectiveness and support more personalized treatment approaches.