Biomass-Derived Nanocarbons for Antimicrobial Therapy: A Sustainable Pathway for Developing Health Infrastructure

Vollständiger Abstract

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Nanocarbon-based drug delivery systems have gained increasing attention as advanced platforms for enhancing antimicrobial therapy, particularly in low-resource settings where drug resistance and limited healthcare infrastructure remain critical challenges. Among various nanocarbon materials, biomass-derived nanocarbon and carbon-based nanoparticles offer a unique combination of low-cost production, high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and efficient drug loading capacity, making them especially suitable for developing countries. This review provides a focused and critical analysis of recent advances in nanocarbon-based systems for antimicrobial drug delivery, with particular emphasis on their role in improving the efficacy of conventional antibiotics such as azithromycin. Key mechanisms including drug adsorption, controlled release, and targeted delivery are discussed in relation to their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of sustainable and locally sourced nanocarbon materials as scalable solutions for decentralized pharmaceutical production. Critical challenges related to toxicity, regulatory limitations, and manufacturing reproducibility are also evaluated, with emphasis on their implications in low-resource healthcare systems. Finally, a conceptual framework is proposed to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale innovation and clinical translation in developing countries. This work provides new insights into the integration of sustainable nanotechnology and antimicrobial therapy, offering a practical pathway toward affordable and effective drug delivery solutions in resource-limited environments.