Commuting Dynamics and Their Implications for Physical and Psychological Well-Being of Tertiary Institution Workforce in Kwara State, Nigeria

Vollständiger Abstract

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The daily commuting burden borne by tertiary institution staff constitutes an underexplored yet consequential determinant of workforce health in sub-Saharan Africa. Against the backdrop of rapidly expanding urban transport challenges in Nigerian mid-sized cities, this study investigates commuting dynamics and their implications for the physical and psychological well-being of tertiary institution workforce in Kwara State, Nigeria. Employing a cross-sectional survey research design, the study administered structured questionnaires to 412 academic and non-academic staff drawn from five tertiary institutions across Ilorin metropolis, selected through stratified random sampling. The study analyzes commuting characteristics encompassing mode, distance, duration, frequency, and out-of-pocket cost; evaluates self-reported physical health outcomes; and assesses psychological well-being indicators comprising perceived stress and anxiety levels. Findings reveal that over 72% of respondents depend on commercial motorcycles (Okada) and tricycles (Keke) as primary commuting modes. Approximately 68.4% travel distances exceeding 10 km daily, while 61.7% spend more than 60 minutes commuting one way. Monthly commuting costs consume between 15% and 30% of staff monthly earnings for the majority of respondents. Musculoskeletal symptoms, principally back pain, neck pain, and knee discomfort — were the most prevalent physical health complaints (74.3%), followed by fatigue (68.9%) and headaches (52.4%). Psychological stress indicators were significantly elevated among long-distance and high frequency commuters. Multiple regression analysis confirms that commuting duration (β = 0.412, p < 0.001), mode of transport (β = 0.287, p < 0.001), and commuting cost (β = 0.193, p = 0.003) are statistically significant predictors of composite health outcomes (F₅⁄₆₀₆ = 23.614, p < 0.001; R² = 0.419). The study recommends institutional shuttle services, staff housing proximity initiatives, road infrastructure improvements, and adoption of digital transport management platforms as priority interventions.