Intervenciones de Enfermería para el Mantenimiento y Buen Funcionamiento del Catéter Puerto en Pacientes Oncológicos: Una Búsqueda Narrativa

Vollständiger Abstract

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The port catheter was a central venous access device widely used in cancer patients for the long-term administration of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, parenteral nutrition, and other intravenous treatments. Its use helped preserve venous access, reduce the need for repeated needle insertions, and improve quality of life. However, its function was compromised by mechanical, thrombotic, and infectious complications that increased morbidity and disrupted treatment continuity. In this context, nursing interventions played a fundamental role in maintaining the device’s functionality and safety. The objective of this article was to analyze the available scientific evidence on nursing interventions aimed at promoting the proper functioning of port catheters in cancer patients through a narrative review. A review was conducted of the literature published between 2020 and 2026 in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases. Original articles, systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines, and consensus documents published in English and Spanish were included. The reviewed evidence showed that the most effective interventions included systematic assessment of the insertion site and the device, the use of aseptic technique when accessing the reservoir, the proper use of Huber needles, flushing and sealing the catheter according to established protocols, verification of venous return, early identification of signs of occlusion, extravasation, or infection, and patient education on self-care. Furthermore, the implementation of standardized protocols and ongoing training of nursing staff were associated with a reduction in complications and improved functional survival of the device. It was concluded that these interventions promoted the continuity and safety of cancer treatment.