Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
CHOOSING A TRACTION SYSTEM FOR MALAYSIAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: LIFECYCLE COST AND SUSTAINABILITY
This research study evaluates the lifecycle cost and sustainability performance of public transport traction systems in Malaysia, focusing on diesel, electric, battery electric, hybrid, and hydrogen technologies. A quantitative approach integrating total cost of ownership and lifecycle assessment is applied using secondary data and simulation modelling. The research findings show that diesel systems remain cost attractive only in the short term but perform poorly in long term economic and environmental terms. Batte …