PLOS Digital Health
Sex-specific assumptions underlie cardiovascular digital twin technologies: A narrative review
Digital twin technologies (DTTs) are increasingly applied in cardiovascular medicine to support personalized treatment. At the same time, growing evidence demonstrates sex differences in cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, disease presentation, and outcomes. Whether current cardiovascular DTTs adequately incorporate these sex-specific characteristics is unclear. This narrative review examines how sex bias and inclusivity are addressed within cardiovascular DTTs and identifies where sex-related bias may arise within …