Obstetrics & Gynecology
Menopause and the Social Determinants of Health
This clinical perspective examines how social determinants of health (SDoH) such as economic stability, education and health literacy, health care access and quality, and social and community contexts shape menopause experiences and outcomes through a health equity lens. Menopause is not experienced uniformly: Black, immigrant, and LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer+) individuals and those with low income often face earlier symptom onset, greater symptom burden, and reduced access to evidence-based …