Minerva
Refractory Multisystem Gorham-Stout Syndrome: Robotic Approach, Vascular Microsurgery, and Immunological Therapy
Gorham-Stout syndrome (GSS) is a rare lymphatic malformation with fewer than 400 documented cases, characterized by progressive osteolysis and multisystem involvement. Its refractory management to conventional therapies represents a significant clinical challenge. This systematic review, following PRISMA 2020, synthesizes current evidence on pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, and emerging therapeutic strategies for refractory multisystem GSS, with emphasis on robotic surgery, vascular microsurgery, and immun …