Archiv Euromedica
BIOLOGIC THERAPIES IN THYROID EYE DISEASE: FROM IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Background Thyroid Eye Disease is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder associated with Graves’ disease that may lead to orbital tissue remodeling, proptosis, diplopia and vision impairment. Although intravenous glucocorticoids remain the standard first-line therapy for active moderate-to-severe disease, their limited efficacy and adverse effects have stimulated the development of targeted biologic therapies. Aim This narrative review aims to summarize and critically evaluate current and emerging biologic ther …