Veterinary Sciences
Kehui Zhang, Yixiang Wang, Xuanrong Wang, Fang Wang, Guanlong Xu, Jie Wang, Zhaofei Wang, Yuqiang Cheng, Heng’an Wang, Yaxian Yan, Jianhe Sun, Jingjiao Ma
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus (H5N1 HPAIV) has long circulated in wild waterfowl and poultry and continues to cross species barriers, posing sustained threats to livestock productivity and public health. The 2024 outbreak of H5N1 HPAIV in dairy cattle across multiple U.S. states represents the first recognized large-scale transmission event of this virus in ruminants, reshaping our understanding of its host range and transmission ecology. This review summarizes recent advances in the epidemiology, vi …