BMC Public Health
Cumulative digital risk exposure and self-harm behavior among Indonesian adolescents
Abstract Background Self-harm behavior (SHB) among adolescents is a growing public health concern, particularly in the digital era. Exposure to digital risks such as online gaming addiction and cyberbullying victimization may increase vulnerability, especially when multiple risks co-occur. This study examined the association between cumulative digital risk exposure and SHB among Indonesian adolescents and identified associated psychosocial factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,742 Indonesia …