Frontiers in Pediatrics
Association of caffeine citrate plus vitamin A/D drops with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants born at <32 weeks’ gestation: a 72-h landmark retrospective cohort study
Objective The aim of this work is to examine whether the early addition of vitamin A/D drops to caffeine citrate was associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and short-term respiratory outcomes in preterm infants born at <32 weeks’ gestation. Methods This single-center, 72-h landmark retrospective cohort study included 126 infants admitted to the hospital between October 2022 and November 2024 with a gestational age <32 weeks and birth weight ≤1.5 kg. Exposure was determined at 72 h as either caffeine …