Internal and Emergency Medicine
Cigarette smoking history, e-cigarette use, and Long COVID: a population-based analysis
Abstract Long COVID imposes a substantial public health burden following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, yet the contribution of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, alone or alongside cigarette smoking, remains inadequately characterized in population-representative data. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 9274 adults aged 16 years and older from the pooled 2023–2024 Scottish Health Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use were classified into seven mutually e …